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Dreaming Of Others: Latent Teammate Modeling In World Models For Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

arXiv 2026 63.5 method

TLDR

Proposes factoring teammates into world models for multi-agent RL using Theory-of-Mind to enable zero-shot coordination.

Reasoning

The paper introduces a novel architecture that integrates teammate modeling into Dreamer-style world models, addressing a key limitation in MARL. However, it is a proposal without empirical results, relying on outlined benchmarks rather than demonstrated performance.

Read-first score

Read-first score 63.5, weighted from topical fit, citation, graph, method, reproducibility, and recency signals. Original total remains 43.

Methodology quality 18%
100

Screens visible abstract and analysis fields for experiment, dataset, baseline, metric, and limitation evidence. markers=benchmark,evaluation,experiment,result,validation

Recency 6%
100

Uses a gentle age decay so recent papers surface without erasing older foundations. 2026

Citation impact 18%
93.9

Uses OpenAlex-shaped citation metadata as a bibliometric attention signal, separate from paper quality. citation_normalized_percentile=0.93902248

Topical relevance 29%
61.4

Uses existing LLM keyword relevance scores normalized to 0-100. world model,world simulator,generative world model,interactive world model,video world model,world dynamics prediction,model-based reinforcement learning world model

Reproducibility 18%
30

Screens links and visible text for paper, code, dataset, artifact, and repository signals. pdf=True; code=False; dataset=False; markers=none

Citation velocity 12%
0

Citation velocity estimates citations per publication-year to reduce old-paper bias. velocity=0.00

Field roles

FoundationFrontierBridgeMethodology anchor

Rank sensitivity

Stability: volatile; rank range: 396.

Keyword Scores

world model
10
model-based reinforcement learning world model
9
world dynamics prediction
7
generative world model
6
world simulator
5
interactive world model
4
video world model
2

Deep Analysis

Innovations

  • Treating teammates as structured, learnable components within the agent's world model, rather than as part of the environment dynamics.
  • Factorization of the Dreamer-style recurrent state-space model (RSSM) latent state into separate environment and teammate components.
  • Introduction of an auxiliary Theory-of-Mind (ToM) head to infer latent embeddings of partner behavior (character, intent, predicted actions) from partial trajectories.
  • Conditioning the actor and critic on inferred teammate latents to enable zero-shot and few-shot coordination in partially observable settings.

Methodology

The paper proposes an architecture that extends Dreamer-style world models to multi-agent settings by factorizing the latent state of an RSSM into environment and teammate components. An auxiliary Theory-of-Mind head is learned to infer latent embeddings of partner behavior from partial trajectories, and these teammate latents condition both the actor and critic networks, allowing the agent to imagine and adapt to diverse collaborators. The approach is evaluated through proposed benchmarks and evaluation protocols for zero-shot and few-shot coordination.

Key Results

The paper outlines how the proposed approach can support zero-shot and few-shot coordination in partially observable settings, but no empirical results are presented; the work is a conceptual proposal with a set of benchmarks and evaluation protocols suggested for future assessment.

Limitations

  • The paper is a conceptual proposal without empirical validation or experimental results.
  • The approach assumes that teammate latents can be reliably inferred from partial trajectories, which may be challenging in highly stochastic or adversarial settings.
  • The factorization and ToM head may introduce additional computational complexity and training difficulty.
  • The method is described only for cooperative multi-agent settings; applicability to competitive or mixed-motive scenarios is not addressed.
  • Scalability to large numbers of agents or complex teammate behaviors is not discussed.

Tags

multi-agent reinforcement learningworld modelstheory of mindlatent teammate modelingDreamerRSSMMAAI